Family in the Global Context - 2269 Words

| | |Family in the Global Context | |R.Vanlaltluanga, | Introduction Family constitutes the basic unit of society, and it assumes diverse forms and functions from one country to another, and within each national society. There are many different types of family structure, with different strengths and weaknesses. Any image of what constitute the ideal family differs greatly both within and among countries. The manner in which families form, establish pattern of behavior, function and evolve, as well as their relationships with the local†¦show more content†¦We see so many bright and beautiful colours and suddenly we want to be a part of it if not be it. Whether it be clothes, food and drinks, technology, everything seems so perfect. We even come to believe that without those things our lives would be incomplete and that they are the key to our happiness. Especially in the case of our youths, it is ‘uncool’ not to have the things his/her friends have. Therefore, because of the spirit of consumerism, we believe the things that we want are actually the things that we need and we have to have them irrespective of our circumstance, budget or income. We truly follow the â€Å"Just Do It† motto. We are not ashamed of anyone and are almost ready to do anything as long as it gets us our wants. We do not see what type of work it is but are only interested in how much it would pay. We not only follow but also chase our wants. This is the reason why we have so many working couples today leaving their children to be cared by others. These children are the ones who more often than tend to follow the wrong ways of life. The difference between the working hours of a couple also often leads to problems in their marital life. Anyway, the worse part of consumerism might be the dissatisfaction even after having the things that we so craved for. We believes our wants would bring us happiness and contentment but that is not so. We might be happy for sometime but our happiness ends as andShow MoreRelatedFamily Forms Are Historically And Culturally Constructed Within A Global Context991 Words   |  4 Pageschapter eight’s introduction â€Å"family forms are historically and culturally constructed in a global context.† (pg. 433) This means that families are often influenced by social structures within their own society and globally. Families often reinforce existing relationships of power and thusly often reflect the society from which they originate. In the United States we tend to have a very cookie cutter notion of what makes the â€Å"normal† family. As we have learned families are a product of their environmentRead MoreCustomer Recruitment And Selection Part1442 Words   |  6 Page smore business with global ambition are attracted to develop markets there. Hiring employees from India and sending managers there are necessary for companies who want to do business globally. In global context staffing becomes more complex than staffing in a purely domestic context especially in recruitment and selection. Thus it is necessary for global companies to think about hire what kind of talent and how and where to hire them to solve global issues. This brief focus on global staffing issuesRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Skills And Communication1318 Words   |  6 Pagespeople about putting family in a retirement home may not be well received. Whilst using written communication in an international context, you have to be aware that each culture has different styles. Some cultures will be more formal, some more direct and some will give more context. For example Japanese business people may talk about the weather before getting to the body of an email, while American’s will get straight to the point. Verbal communication has similar global red flags as oral andRead MoreRoles And Roles Of Primary Social Roles1563 Words   |  7 PagesContext matters. Research demonstrating racioethnic differences in the impact of primary social roles clearly shows that an important set of role features coalesce for individual role actors. These factors include role meaning, role use, and role sequencing. As presented in the social roles literature, these role characteristics operate collectively as individuals enter into the domain of paid work or make a decision to start their own families through marriage and/or parenthood. The enactment ofRead MoreHonda in Europe1000 Words   |  4 PagesHonda Motor Company first entered the European market in the early 1960s through the sale of motorcycles. Honda’s motor vehicle sales in Europe have been relatively poor, especially in the previous five years. And Honda executives wonder why their global strategy is sputtering. History of Honda and Automobile Industry In 1946, Souichiro Honda founded the Honda Technology Institute. The Company started as a motorcycles producer and by the 1950s had become extremely successful in Japan. In 1956,Read MoreThe Gentrification Theory: Ruth Glass Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesgentrification has been one of the most popular theories discussed among social and urban specialists. The initial hypothesis states that gentrification is a process lead by middle to high-income people, generally represented under the tags of young families with managerial jobs, real estate investment firms, or the rise of the cognitive-cultural entrepreneur class (Scott, 2008). It starts with the partial integration of these groups in lower- income inner-city neighbourhoods. The settlement of theseRead MoreHonda in Europe986 Words   |  4 PagesHonda Motor Company first entered the European market in the early 1960s through the sale of motorcycles. Honda’s motor vehicle sales in Europe have been relatively poor, especially in the previous five years. And Honda executives wonder why their global strategy is sputtering. History of Honda and Automobile Industry In 1946, Souichiro Honda founded the Honda Technology Institute. The Company started as a motorcycles producer and by the 1950s had become extremely successful in Japan. In 1956Read MoreThe Problem Of Mental Disorder884 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ (Smith Segal, 2015) †¢ (Bloom, 2014) †¢ (Global issues in context, 2012) 1. Nature †¢ Viral infection affecting brain †¢ Problems with natural brain chemicals †¢ Multiple genes 2. Nurture †¢ Drastic events- high expressed emotions in relatives †¢ Environmental Stressors †¢ Smoking cannabis †¢ (Learn More About Schizophrenia, 2011) †¢ (McFarlane, 2002) †¢ (Mayo clinic staff, 2014) †¢ (McGuffin, 2004) †¢ (Global Issues in Context, 2014) †¢ Burden on family to take care †¢ Socially embarrassing due toRead MoreCalifornia s Drought : A Destructive Weapon Of Mass Destruction1348 Words   |  6 Pages2016).I try to find some reaches about California’s drought because my family and I are living in California, where it is a significant state in economy and politics. In addition, California’s drought has an effect on everything our life and environment. For example, in 2015, my family felt the weather was too hot, dry and intense, so some of us were more stressed and got sick. Moreover, according to the article â€Å"Global Climate Change† heat waves cause more deaths in the USA every year than hurricanesRead MoreCultural Differences That Inhibit Effective Intercultural Communication879 Words   |  4 Pagesof high and low-context cultures (Guffey Loewy, 2015). Secondly, American workers should understand the varied importance of time orientation in foreign organizations (Keating, 2014). Finally, international negotiations will proceed more smoothly if cultural power distances are respected (Rao, 2013). High and Low-Context Cultures Guffey and Loewy (2015) state that context is the most important cultural distinction, while also being the most difficult to identify and learn. Context is so vital to

Domestic vs International Trade Free Essays

Domestic Vs International Trade Mohammad Tariqul Islam Domestic Trade: Trade among parties in the same country. Domestic trade is the exchange of goods, services, or both within the confines of a national territory. They are always aimed at a single market. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic vs International Trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now It always deal with only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues. The trading is always with a single set of customers all the time, though the company may have several segments in a market. Finally local trade or home trade or Domestic trade may be sub-divided into Wholesale trade, and Retail trade. International Trade: Trade among parties residing in different countries. International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Some difference between International trade and local or domestic trade International trade is in principle not different from  domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as  tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that  factors of production  such as capital and  labour  are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Advantages and Disadvantages of international Trade Advantage of international trade †¢ Monetary gains to the respective country indulging in trade. †¢ More variety of goods available for consumers. †¢ Better quality of goods. Competition both at the international level as well as local level. †¢ Closer  ties  between nations. †¢ More exchange of technical know-how. †¢ Local producers will try to improve the quality of their products. †¢ Increase in  employment  locally. Disadvantage of international trade †¢ Local production may suffer †¢ Local industries may be overshadowed by their international competitors †¢ Rich countries may influence political matters in other countries and gain control over weaker nations. †¢ Ideological differences may emerge between nations with regard to the procedures in trade practices. Read also Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating Transactions International trade is beneficial to world economy. It adds to the money coffers of the world at large. Every country can benefit monetarily if it is able to dispose off its surplus goods after meeting the requirements of the local people. Key differences: †¢ International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. †¢ The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. †¢ Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. †¢ Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. †¢ Within a country labour and capital moves freely to get maximum returns. These factors of production do not move with such freedom among different countries due to differences in culture, climate, language, customs and political restrictions imposed by regulatory authorities. This immobility gives rise to wage and interest differentials among countries. †¢ Different currency system introduces additional cost and risk in international trade as the value of currencies is constantly subject to variations. As long distances involved transport costs for international transactions are higher than for domestic trades. Home trade is called domestic trade in some countries. These are the differences as seen by me. 1. For home trades, payments could be made in home currency only. Foreign trades are to be paid invariably in convertible currencies. 2. Home trades generally have no restrictions of movement within the country. In international trade, there are restrictions as to movement of specific goods to specified countries. 3. Home trades have taxes levied by the Government and local bodies. International trades have levies called customs duties. These invariably go to the Federal Government. 4. Documents for domestic trades are comparatively simple and easy to understand and follow. Foreign trades have a different set of documents which must be filed in every case. 5. Insurance of consignments sent on foreign trade are compulsory; in home trade it is optional. 6. Usually, foreign trades are preceded by payment or promises of payment made by international foreign exchange traders (also called Letters of Credit. In domestic trades, payments are realised usually after the trade is executed. Depending on the credit rating of the parties concerned, even a simple promise is not taken. Letters of Credit in domestic trades is not common but not ruled out. 7. Credibility of parties can be got verified in foreign trades through the trade representatives of the countries involved in the transaction. 8. On receipt of consignment at a foreign country, the documents are handed over t o the buyers only after payment is realised. Thereafter, the Banks concerned remit the payments to the sellers through normal international banking channels. In respect of domestic trades, bankers may or may not be the intermediaries. Payments can be directly sent to the sellers by the buying party. 9. Under the United Nation’s charter, goods prohibited for specific countries cannot be sent to them by member countries. Penalties extending to boycott of trade with that country may follow. In domestic trades, such prohibitions do not exist. (Example: selling atomic energy raw materials to Iran, Iraq etc. 10. International trades are further government by agreements between member countries of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Domestic or home trades are not subject to such agreements. An international business is a business whose activities are carried out across national borders. This differs from a domestic business because a domestic business is a business whose activities are carried out within the borders of its geographical location. A domestic company is one that confines its activities to the local market, be it city, state, or the ountry it is in. It deals, generally, with one currency, local customs and cultures, business laws of commerce, taxes and products and services of a local nature. The international company, on the other hand deals with businesses and governments in one or more foreign countries and is subject to treaties, tariffs. currency rates of exchange, politics, cultural differences, taxes, fees, and penalties of each country it is doing business in. It may also be conducting business in it’s home country, but the emphasis is on trading in the international marketplace. Differences between Domestic and International Trade International Trade: The exchange of goods and services between countries is called International Trade. Inter-Regional Trade: The exchange of goods and services with in a country is called Inter-regional Trade. Differences between International and Inter-regional Trade and need for a separate theory: A number of things which make difference between international and inter-regional are given as under. We can understand from these reasons that it gives rise to a separate theory of international trade. . Factor Mobility: Labour and capital as factor of production do not move freely from one country to another country as they do with in the same country. Thus labour and capital are regarded as immobile between countries while they are perfectly mobile within a country. Adam Smith said â€Å"Man is of all forms of luggage, the most difficult to transport†. Differences in cost of production can not be removed by moving and money. The result is the movement of goods. On the contrary between regions with in the same olitical boundaries, people distribute themselves more or less according to the opportunities. Real wages and standard of living tend to seek a common level though they are not wholly uniform as between national these differences continue to persist and check population movements. Capital also does not move freely from one country to another country. 2. Different Currencies: Each country has a different currency. Buying and selling between nations give rise to complications absent in internal trade. This hampers smooth flow of trade as between one country and another country. A large number of foreign exchange problems arise in number of foreign trade which are non-existent in inter-regional trade. 3. Different National Policies: Different needs lead countries to pursue divergent national policies and not only with respect to foreign exchange rates. National Policies differ in a wide matter of domestic matters affecting international economic relations, wages, prices, competition, investment, business regulation etc and often involve interference directly in international economic intercourse in tarrifs, exchange controls, non-tarrif barriers and the like. . Different Political Circumstances: Mostly countries differ in political circumstances. In inter-regional trade, trade takes place among same people. But international trade takes place among people of different cultures, habits and languages. These cultural distinctions between markets, important in the absence of different national measures have led political scientists to take look at the nature of countries. 5. Difference in National Resources: Different countries are endowed with different type of natural resources. They tend to specialise, in the production of those commodities in which they are richly endowed and trade them with others where such resources are scare. 6. Geographical and climatic differences: Every country cannot produce and commodities due to geographical and climatic conditions, except at possibly prohibitive costs. Countries having climatic and geographical advantage specialise in the production of particular commodities and trade them with others. 7. Different Markets: International markets are different in various aspects. Even the system of weights and measures and pattern and styles in machinery and equipment differ from country to country. Goods which are traded within regions may not sold in other countries. This is why in great many cases products to be sold in foreign countries are especially designed to confirm to the national characteristics of that country. 8. Problem of Balance of Payments: The problem of balance of payments is perpetual in international trade while regions with in a country have no such problem. 9. Restrictions on Trade: Trade between different countries is not free. There are restrictions imposed by custom duties, exchange restrictions, fixed quotas or other tarrif barriers. 10. Ignorance: Differences in culture, language and religion stand in the way of free communication between different countries. In inter-regional trade labour and capital freely moves about. These factors too make internal trade different from international trade. 11. Transport and Insurance Costs: The cost of transport and insurance also check the free international trade. The greater the distance between the two countries the greater the cost and insurances. How to cite Domestic vs International Trade, Papers

Ways Of Selecting An Erp For Organisation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ways Of Selecting An Erp For Organisation? Answer: Introducation Before selecting an ERP system, the owner of the company should address the needs regarding training and resources, vendor performance and scalability. Secondly, confirm requirements of your ERP to help find the vendors and products that match your needs. Thirdly is the product assessment where you make a good proposal for the software to guide in making a decision (Bhatia Gupta, 2016, p. 56). The vendor should consider the users of the system and the system should provide a list of customer references to choose. The system should provide maintenance and support so that you understand the IT support it requires what vendor's offers and it will work. Consider vendor's service agreement regarding repairs, recovery, and response to the disaster. Consider the software and hardware itself for a successful choice of ERP. People are more important than technology (Bradford, 2015, p. 120). Business Requirements CRLS require ERP system to integrate its processes to enhance efficiency, address important needs and meet expected performance. Considering CRLS, it has grown its business in different cities, and employees have grown by 48. These expansion demands for a good ERP system which will help to monitor transactions, identify unsolved issues, generate lawyers' reports and activities, storage of clients' information and other important details (Chang, 2016, p. 125). The challenge is that it is difficult to integrate processes manually. Therefore, CRLS should consider making changes with BPR. This will improve the processing of data in time. CRLS requires ERP scaling to allow them to pay for the service they are using. Performance and users should be scaled in case of plans to expand the business. The system should be able to cater for new users and other locations without causing performance losses. To ensure the effectiveness of the system, training of staff is important to ensure staffs understand how the system performs duties as well as using it (Hammer, 2015, p. 234). Implementation fails due to negative attitudes by users. Considering financial position, the system should operate within the budgeted cost of the vendor as well as be ready to adjust the budgeted cost. The challenge may be that the EPR systems are costly if not done within the budget. Historically the ERP are prone to risks. Therefore, it will be important to select a vendor who proves a good record of implementation, support success, and training. In the implementation stage, who should be the users: vendor, you or both? Have a good training program that is comprehensive and flexible. Also, check for vendors financial records regarding audit and statements for security purposes for long-term engagements The vendor should share his product so that you choose a new system that will enhance your future operations. Challenges of ERP system The process of implementing the EPR system is costly. It involves a lot of training and the resources. The problem of implementing sub-standard systems which hampers the business process as well safe coordination of the processes. Poor understanding of the system may limit implementation of new system. Users capabilities regarding skills differ which affect the required need. Volatility problems arise due to changes that occur over time which makes system administration difficult. There communication Problem between internal and external customers, stakeholders, managers and consultants on the new system. The problems arise when there is no understanding between the users. There inconsistency because of different views. This results in delayed decision-making (Monk Wagner, 2013, p. 133). Potential Erp And Vendors Epicor ERP Epicor is one of the latest ERP platforms that offers a simple and complete interface to suppliers and employees. This type has extra responsiveness and functionality on some mobile gadgets for comprehensive and foster collaboration. IFS ERP IFS ERP is creative and innovative in the market today. Even though ERP suites seem difficult and complex to use, IFS portrays functionality on EPM (enterprise project management) and EAM-enterprise asset management. It handles tasks that are demanding. Configuration can be done to allow a broad range of engineering settings, aerospace, and intensive manufacturing. Infor ERP Infor ERP applies to huge industrial enterprises, e.g., distributors and manufacturers and like manufacturers and large-scale distributors. It has unparalleled scalability for compartmentalization. Sage ERP Sage ERP is used by SMEs and SMBs.it has a high speed as well as flexibility to enable businesses improves efficiency. Sage allows timely and collaboration due to cloud-based. Cloud deployment makes it makes it quick to change and easily implemented for businesses to maximize profitability and growth. Microsoft ERP Microsoft ERP is used by large and global businesses. Its functionality supports two tier and single deployment methods globally. It is applicable to expanding businesses. Oracle JD ERP This platform focuses on good quality technology for finance management. It allows cost management on hands-on activities. It also coordinates operational reporting and asset management to maximize profitability. SAP ERP SAP ERP is used by SMEs to run activities of the business including human resource, finances, procurement, sales and customer service. The web based allows increased efficiency 24/7. OdooERP Is a software management a wide variety of business activities that form part of enterprise management? It's used by both small and large businesses. It includes CRM, billing, accounting, and inventory all integrated. It has various versions: online saas, odoo enterprise, and odoo community. Examples of vendors Art director design and handles computer imaging. A caterer serves beverages and food and beverages. Calligrapher: handles lettering on invitations and signage Decorator deals with dcor. Graphic artist: executes and designs invitations and event posters. Florist ensures floral arrangements. Photographer takes records, photographs and records. Possible Erp Modules Many vendors offer ERP solutions. Implementation being a major problem there are modules directed for a specific duty. They include; CRM system: This system helps to enhance performance by having a good customer service and relationship. The CRM module track and manage customer information, e.g., calls, meetings, etc Human resource system: This system helps in the management of resources within the company. The HR module manages staff information, track staff records, e.g., performance, designations, and skills. Finance system: It involves management of the flow of money in and out of the company. The finance module tracks accounts and generates reports of finance in the balance sheet and ledger accounts. Purchase system: This involves a process of procurement of materials required. The purchase module consists of suppliers' records items and links. The cloud-based system of ERP: CRLS should implement this system because it is easy to use; implementation is less costly and takes a shorter time. On-premise system of ERP: Compared to cloud-based ERP its cost of implementation is high, require a permanent staff to operate, and management is difficult (Sneller, 2014, p. 155). Reference List S. M. J., 2016. Predicting the Behavioural Intention to Use ERP: An Empirical Study on the Manufacturing Industry. IUP journal of Operations Management, Volume 15, pp. 7-24. Bradford, M., 2015. Modern ERP: Select Implement Use Todays Advanced Business Systems. s.l.:s.n. S. G. v., 2016. Principle nd practices of the Implementation of Cloud based ERP in SMEs. Berlin: s.n. Chang, J. F., 2016. Business Process Management Systems: Strategy and Implementation. s.l.:CRC press. Hammer, M., 2015. What is Business Process Management. 1 ed. Berlin: Springer. Monk, E. Wagner, B., 2013. Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning. s.l.:s.n. Sneller, L. R., 2014. A Guide to ERP Benefits, Implementation nd Trends. s.l.:s.n. Wallace, T. F. Kremzar, M. H., 2015. ERP: Making It Happen. 2nd ed. Wiley: CRS press.

KFC sot in China free essay sample

Tthe company owns and franchises more than 15,500 outlets in more than 100 countries (great diversification, expanding rapidly in high growth areas (i. e. China) By 2006, KFC had 1,700 restaurants in China, more than tripling in five years. Profit and sales figures saw increases of over 25 percent for some quarters, while comparable figures domestically were 1 and 2 percent. KFC significantly outsold McDonalds in China, and by 2006, KFC was opening a new Chinese outlet every 22 hours. Yum! s boss David Novak told Business Week (October 30, 2006) that he hoped to eventually have as many KFC restaurants in China as in the United States. There is no one else in China expanding at this level with the returns we are generating, he told the magazine. Thus while the U. S. market had continued to slumber for KFC in the years it had been run by Tricon/Yum! , overseas KFC was a powerful force. 300 new outlets opening over the next three to five years. We will write a custom essay sample on KFC sot in China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chicken chain, which already has 760 outlets in the UK, says it is doing good business during the recession as people are drawn to cheaper food successful innovations instituted in the companys international operations, was seen as a way for KFC to enter new markets. Delivery, drive-through, carryout, and supermarket kiosks were up and running. Other outlets in testing were mall and office-building snack shops, mobile trailer units, satellite units, and self-contained kiosks designed for universities, stadiums, airports, and amusement parks (KFC growing into more contemporary role) By 2002, Tricon had developed 1,375 multibrand stores. Tricon changed its name in 2002 to Yum! Brands, and it acquired two more restaurant chains, the seafood restaurants Long John Silvers, and the hamburger and root-beer chain AW. This opened up some more possibilities for multibranded stores. OLD FAVORITES, SAME LOCATIONS The use of multiple-branding whereby several restaurant chains operate at the same location is an attempt to draw more customers by offering a large number of items from which to choose. Chains that engage in multiple-branding can better absorb fixed operating costs, such as rent. Pepsico, owner of Taco Bell, KFC and Pizza Hut, has started co-branding where youll see a Taco Bell kiosk in a KFC store Weaknesses: Company not seeing Return on Assets with significant diversification into new product lines to capture new markets (drain of capital expenditure was not worth it) From YUM Brand Website: (Investor Relations) 75% of consumers eat less fried chicken due to health concerns 22% of consumers eat less KFC because they consider us too expensive 50% of consumers say that KFC is not on- the- go External: Opportunities: The world economy will grow 3. 1% in 2010, the IMF forecast in October, but the emerging market economies are expected to expand at a 5% rate. Diet foods dont work in the quick-service, or fast food, industry (Survey)-Majority of KFC’s menu is very unhealthy Value price meals are in,,,†more bang for your buck† (could see more value price meals/combos in the future for KFC) LARGER PORTIONS DO WORK – cost more but taste about the same as the regular models in an effort to attract more adults (survey) –another trend KFC could captailize on in gaining market share OLD FAVORITES, NEW LOCATIONS This trend will continue as increased competition and saturated markets cause fast food companies to become more creative in selecting their locations. (i. e.KFC’s moving into various big box retail stores) – KFC has been doing this to some degree, move into more various business, (i. e. Rona, Lowes’, Sport stadiums, etc.) Consumers in emerging markets demonstrate a greater propensity than those in developed markets to believe that international brands are of better quality than local brands, with only 30 percent of developing market respondents indicating that local brands are just as good as those internationally manufactured,† Emerging Market Context: KFC is considered the superior fast food chain among consumers in Egypt, South Africa and Asia/ â€Å"Global brands have a strong  functional foundation, as well as established marketing programmes, and local manufacturers may have a battle on their hands to catch up with the perceived quality of large global products (Americans) 18-29 year age segment lead in fast food eating at least once per week, almost 60% of this age group (U. S. market research survey) (Americans) 73% of Americans say they eat junk food because it is due to convenience (more locations, easier for consumers to access) (U. S. Market research Survey). The commodity analysis hold rating indicates that chicken should stay the same price over the short term Threats:  overall, fast-food chicken was no longer an expanding area, and at home (North America), KFC was stuck in flat or 2 to 3 percent sales growth While the financial services industries are fairly robust in many emerging market economies, bankers remain reluctant to lend (recent economic recession, financial industry hurting) Emerging Market. However, this doesn’t necessarily translate into purchasing behaviour, as almost 60 percent of these same consumers said they are more likely to buy a local brand over an international product if both are of equal price Not surprisingly, global fast food giant McDonald’s was seen as the preferred quick serve restaurant by most consumers surveyed in emerging markets High employee turnover in fast food business, Sometimes as much as 200%, these employees are the backbone of these companies, and with this amount of turnover, very costly to franchisee and/or companies to consistently retrain . High turnover due to many students working there for part time work , also very low pay Minimum wage is constantly increasing, especially in develop countries, hurts the bottom line (Americans) 66% of adults eat out once per week, however only 41% of adults eat fast food once per week (u. s. market research survey) chicken feed cost is substantial and can fluctuate over type

buy custom The Year that Changed the World Book by American Author Michael Meyer

buy custom The Year that Changed the World Book by American Author Michael Meyer The Year that Changed the World Introduction Michael Meyer was Newsweeks bureau chief for Balkans, Central Europe and Germany between 1988 and 1992. He wrote different stories on the dissolution of Socialist Europe and German union. Meyer concealed the revival of Solidarity Movement in Poland led by Lech Walensa; he also planned the Velvet Revolution together with Czech Vaclav Havel. Moreover, he was one of the last Americans who interviewed Romanian ruler. Therefore, he put pen to paper to create The Year that Changed the World: the Untold Story behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall. The author provides the reader with a hard-boiled reevaluation of the ground-breaking depth that disrupted the secret curtain in 1989. He restores the actions former to November, 9, 1989. During the time frame there was the increase of disappointments, confusions, and requests to act through Eastern and Central Europe in many places in neighboring series through the district. The atmosphere dragged the basics from under the socialist system so that, eternal and immovable as it appeared, it unexpectedly distorted underneath its own weightiness.

The Name of the Rose

The Name of the Rose The Name of the Rose The Name of the Rose By Maeve Maddox Spring is in the air so I feel like writing about flowers. One of my all-time favorites is the rose. Most people can quote Juliet’s comment about the name of the rose: Whats in a name? that which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. And there’s Gertrude Stein’s â€Å"A rose is a rose is a rose.† Sometimes, however, a â€Å"rose† is not a rose. The rose family (Rosaceae) includes about 2,930 species in 95 genera. Among the 95 genera is the genus Rosa Linnaeus, which is divided into four subgenera, one of which is Rosa, the subgenus that Juliet and Gertrude had in mind. Roses have been shedding their fragrance on the air since before there were human beings to inhale it. The ancestors of the roses in modern gardens originated in the Tertiary Period, about 70 million years ago. Ancient Chinese and the Egyptian gardeners are believed to be the first to begin selective breeding of roses for color. Here’s a simplified example of the taxonomy of a rose, based on the USDA.gov site: Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants) Family: Rosaceae (Rose family) Genus: Rosa L. (the L. is for Linnaeus.) Subgenus: Rosa Common name: Rose Rosa contains from 100 to 150 species and thousands of cultivars, with more being introduced all the time. A cultivar is a plant variety that has arisen from cultivation. English rosarian David Austin, for example, has developed more than 190 rose cultivars since 1961. When shopping for roses, it’s enough to know the name of the cultivar. Some popular cultivars are ‘Knockout,’ ‘Peace,’ ‘Abraham Darby,’ ‘Queen Elizabeth,’ ‘Don Juan,’ ‘William Shakespeare 2000,’ and ‘Mr. Lincoln.’ When plants are identified by genus, species, and cultivar, the genus name is capitalized, the species name written in lowercase, and the cultivar name is enclosed in single quotation marks. To illustrate how the three terms are used, here are five plants whose common names contain the word rose, but which are unrelated to the rose of poetry. I’ve included the Family name to show that they do not belong to Rosaceae. In each three-word description, the first word is the genus, the second is the species, and the third is the cultivar. moss rose Family: Portulacaceae (aka Purslane) Example: Portulaca grandiflora ‘Happy Hour’ rose of Sharon Family: Malvaceae Example: Hibiscus syriacus ‘White Chiffon’ Lenten rose Family: Ranunculaceae Example: Helleborus  orientalis ‘Kingston Cardinal’ Christmas rose Family Ranunculaceae Example: Helleborus niger ‘Eva’ primrose Family: Primulaceae Example: Primula vulgaris ‘Arctic Mix’ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People16 Misquoted Quotations90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Adobtion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Adobtion - Research Paper Example Open adoption has developed into being the norm in the United States for adoption of infants. In the past, closed procedures dominated adoption; it required that there be no transmission of information between the biological and adoptive parents regarding the adopted child. In general, the agency social workers took the mandate of determining who adopts the baby. This led to most people believing that the closed adoption was the norm. However, a number of pioneering agencies such as Lutheran Social Service and the nationwide independent adoption centre has led to the movement of change towards an open adoption. Currently, over 80% of domestic infants are adopted through the open adoption (Stein and Glen, 2007). It is clear that open adoption works to the best interests of the three parties involved: the biological parent, the adoptive parent and the adopted child (Myer, 2003). Since that in open adoption the birthparents become involved in their child life and contribute positively in raising the child. The birthparents play an important role in the open adoption by supporting the adoptive family and their child. When the birthparents apply for an open adoption, this will give them a sense of worth, instead of getting rid of their child. Moreover, the birthparents will have a role in the child’s life along with the adoptive parents. They will help the child during the hardest times in his\her life, better than the closed adoption (Silber 1). Unlike closed adoption, open adoption gives the adoptive parents all the answers their child might ask. In open adoption, both families became one family, because they are parenting the same child; as a result, they are considered as an extended family (Silber 1). They share love, care, and responsibility for raising the adopted child. These things may create goodwill between them. Besides that, they

Recycle (Indiana State recycle center) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recycle (Indiana State recycle center) - Essay Example The center later turned into an educational center and a community-wide recycling center (ISU). Following the lecture about the recycling processes and the coverage of the recycling at Indiana University, I learnt that many materials, which I viewed as non-usable, are valuable resources that can be recycled for further use. Some of the materials that I discovered to be recyclable include news papers, old books, cardboards, waste paper, glass containers, plastic films and bags, metallic beverage cans, bottles and plastic containers. Before the lecture, I did not know that empty bottles – after using the contents they contain – could be used for a better course. Since the lecture, I started collecting all waste materials, and taking them to the neighboring recycling center – where they recycle all that is recyclable and effective dispose what they cannot recycle (Braungart and McDonough 47). Through the lecture on the recycling at Indiana University, I discovered t hat the heavy pressure on the production resources of the world could be reduced through recycling. For example, he explained that iron and aluminum deposits are reducing continually, but went further to explain that the waste cans that are disposed at the garbage collection area can be used to substitute the diminishing resource inputs. He gave us an example of plastic cans, demonstrating that the disposed cans are usually as good as new; therefore, through recycling these disposed containers, canning companies can reduce their costs of operation. Therefore, from the lesson, I learnt that recycling has many advantages, including that it reduces the pressure on production resources, reduces the impacts of waste disposal and reduces the costs of doing business – particularly in the area of sourcing for inputs (ISU). During the lecture, the agent from the recycling center explained the long term effects of recycling, including that it reduces the impacts caused by pollution on the environment. One example he used, made it clear to me that recycling is a channel for safeguarding the future of humanity. For example, when plastic cans and the waste materials from the health center are incinerated, they produce toxic smoke, which increases the rate of ozone layer depletion – which increases the levels of global warming. But in the case that these waste materials are not taken through the process of incineration, which uses a lot of energy and in some cases pollution-causing smoke, the waste can be recycled for newer use, over and over again. The recycling of the waster reduces the costs of producing new plastic cans and other plastic products; it reduces the energy levels consumed by industrial plants, and reduces the pollution caused by inappropriate waste material (ISU). Therefore, in the long term, the benefits of recycling reinforce the availability of resources, increase the sustainability of the environment and improve the profitability of differ ent enterprises. Through the lecture, I learnt that recycling can be practiced by all people, young and aged; poor and rich, as well as those in business and those that use the recyclable materials at home. For example, among the young, spoilt toys can be recycled for new plastic, and among the aged, many waste items like spoilt computers and vehicles can be surrendered for recycling. Among the poor, simple materials like paper bags

Psychology and Positive Reinforcement Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Positive Reinforcement Essay For this project if I had to design a study investigating the relationship between alcohol and violence, I would use the experimental method. The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis (Cherry, n. d. ). The reason for this method is so I can put the test subjects in a controlled environment and monitor the affects of the alcohol and see if the alcohol consumed by the test subject allows them to display forms of violence. By using another method with the experimental method to get more results out of this study, I would also use survey research. Survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. A survey can be anything that forms a short paper-and-pencil feedback form to an intensive one-on-one in-depth interview (Trochim, 2006). I would combine these methods to determine the outcome of the study and support my investigation of the relationship between alcohol and violence. For example, I would get four test subjects that would consist of two groups, two men and two women. I would have all subjects fill out a form that displays likes and dislikes and what makes them happy/ unhappy. I would then have one subject from each group would consume alcohol but all the drinks would be the color red each subject will be by themselves for the first hour in different rooms. After that hour they would be placed in room together and exam how the gamma-aminobutyric acid displays the affects of using their dislikes on their behavior after the consumption of alcohol. The strengths of this study would be finding the chemical in alcohol and what chemical inside of the human body that triggers the violent display. Also strengths for this method would be compilation of verifiable data and ethical compliance. But with all strengths you do have weaknesses; those weaknesses for these methods would be not having accurate reports for these methods and distortion of unreliable case studies. Also you may have test subjects that do not reflect the general population and him or her in fact have their own social issues that may reflect violence from the outcome of alcohol. The ethical consideration for this research would be no children, women that are pregnant, separation of a person with a criminal background and non-criminal background, test subjects are only to consume a certain amount of alcohol by their size and weight, and the test subjects are only to be tested in a controlled environment. The difference between negative and positive reinforcement is that negative reinforcement; is when a certain stimulus/item is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative stimuli (Stangor, Chapter 7, 2010). For example: My son has choirs to do every day after school and does not like to do them. He does his choirs because if he does not he would not be able to play his video game. Positive reinforcement: is a very powerful and effective tool to help shape and change behavior. Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating item to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future (Stangor, Chapter 7, 2010). For example: My daughter studied very hard on her spelling test and receive an A for passing it, for receiving that A on her test I gave her ten dollars for studying and doing a great job on her test. Using negative reinforcement on my son not doing his choirs helps him understand that you will not get anything in return for not doing your job after school. Using positive reinforcement for maintaining a positive path you will be rewarded for your accomplishments. The ethical standards are displaying a positive for doing something positive and a negative result for a negative behavior. For example, you cannot throw a rock at a car window and expect to get ice cream in return. That would be rewarding a person for doing a negative action. Also you cannot reward a person for cheating on a test by copying off of someone, excepting credit for someone else’s work instead of your own. When displaying these reinforcement methods it helps to create modifications of the behavior that’s displayed by the children from my example. When using these methods it creates a pattern for learning responsibility. Learning responsibilities helps form other positives paths to encourage a person to be more motivated nd become successful. The theory that best fits my psychological thought would be the behavior theory and also the developmental theory. The behavior theory also known as behaviorism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. The developmental theory: Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning (Trochim, 2006). The way I see psychology I believe that it starts with these theories first. Understanding human behavior and the development of behavior helps me better understand the mentality of people. Psychology is a very broad field that deals with all aspects of life, from a social stand point, economical stand point and environmental stand point. Psychology helps us understand why we do the things that we do, for example culture of honor. A term that is defined by responding to insults with aggression or catharsis observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions that will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way (Stangor, Chapter 14, 2010). These psychological theories of behaviorism cannot be studied without developmental theories to help understand these patterns and create determination to why we do things. Give us a better understanding, in other words casual attribution; determining the causes of people behavior (Stangor, Chapter 13, 2010). Our social cognition is set to predict behaviors, but how can we predict behaviors if we do not develop ways to understand it. Basically prejudging or stereotyping these behaviors. It is nothing in psychology that would have me to believe that the research that is provided is not true. Everything that I have studied, I either have done or seen done; our attitude another behavior that we exhibit and in my opinion would be the core to behaviorism. It displays any feelings that we have towards people, work ethic, environment, and our social representation. First I would have to define the disorder by observing the dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior. Next I would exercise the bio-psycho-social model of the illness; to help me understand the disorder. Using the DSM-IV-TR, I would look for any psychological history and use of the Axis IV check for social or environmental problems, such as homelessness, divorce, school problems, or other stressors present. Also I would use Axis I and V to determine if this person is suffering from mood, anxiety, or learning disorders; is this person at risk of hurting him or herself and others (Stangor, Chapter 13, 2010). The disorder I have discovered that my client has is anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorder is a psychological disturbance marked by irrational fears, often of everyday objects and situations. The treatment I would use to help my client would be antianxiety medications; drugs that help relive the fear of anxiety. Also I would use biomedical therapies; treatments that are designed to reduce psychological disorder by influencing the action of the central nerves system. This method would involved the use of medication but also include direct brain intervention with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT0, psychosurgery, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (Stangor, Chapter 13, 2010). These methods of therapy would help my client be more at ease with their disorder. The ethical obligations of the psychological professionals would be that. Psychiatrists are physicians with specialized knowledge of mental illness and its treatment. Psychiatrists share the same ethical ideals as all physicians and are committed to compassion, fidelity, beneficence, trustworthiness, fairness, integrity, scientific and clinical excellence, social responsibility, and respect for persons. Psychiatrists endeavor to embody these principles in their diverse roles as diagnosticians, treating physicians, therapists, teachers, scientists, consultants, and colleagues (Principles of Ethics and Professionalism in Psychiatry, n. d. ).

The Coldest Winter Ever :: essays research papers

Debut novel by hip-hop rap artist Sister Souljah, whose No Disrespect (1994), which mixes sexual history with political diatribe, is popular in schools country-wide. In its way, this is a tour de force of black English and underworld slang, as finely tuned to its heroine's voice as Alice Walker's The Color Purple. The subject matter, though, has a certain flashiness, like a black Godfather family saga, and the heroine's eventual fall develops only glancingly from her character. Born to a 14-year-old mother during one of New York's worst snowstorms, Winter Santiaga is the teenaged daughter of Ricky Santiaga, Brooklyn's top drug dealer, who lives like an Arab prince and treats his wife and four daughters like a queen and her princesses. Winter lost her virginity at 12 and now focuses unwaveringly on varieties of adolescent self-indulgence: sex and sugar-daddies, clothes, and getting her own way. She uses school only as a stepping-stone for getting out of the houseafter all, nobody's paying her to go there. But if there's no money in it, why go? Meanwhile, Daddy decides it's time to move out of Brooklyn to truly fancy digs on Long Island, though this places him in the discomfiting position of not being absolutely hands-on with his dealers; and sure enough the rise of some young Turks leads to his arrest. Then he does something really stupid: he murders his wife's two weak brothers in jail with him on Riker's Island and gets two consecutive life sentences. Winter's then on her own, especially with Bullet, who may have replaced her dad as top hood, though when she selfishly fails to help her pregnant buddy Simone, there's worsemuch worseto come. Thinness aside: riveting stuff, with language so frank it curls your hair. (Author tour) -- Copyright  ©1999, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved. --This text refers to the Hardcover edition. Book Description Renowned hip-hop artist, writer, and activist Sister Souljah brings the streets of New York to life in a powerful and utterly

Bridewealth and the American Culture

Bridewealth and the American Culture Family and personal assets affect the choices we make in picking the right mate in Western Culture. The ways we view these issues influences are dating practices, and marriage choices. Evolutionary theory predicts certain mannerism that should influence dating. Most of the time evolutionary theory is reflected in mating practices. Mating choices are also affected cross-culturally in other ways like with the Kipsigis and bridewealth. Choices we make for dating and marriage prospects rate differently according to sex and culture. The evolutionary theory predicts that women will value financial prospects higher than men do (Boyd, 2006, 461). Because women have a larger parental investment in a child, they want to be with a mate who will be able to take care of them. In David Buss' research he found that knowing a persons culture rather than gender will indicate preferences except for good financial prospects(Boyd, 2006, 465). For men in Western Culture good financial prospects are lower on their list and good looks is higher. This may be because women who are more attractive to them give the signal that they are less likely to have diseases, and possible based on their body type may be more fertile. Men and women also differ in the preference for the age of their partners. Men tend to date younger women while women date older men. This relates to the evolutionary theory because men’s fertility only slightly decreases with age, while women fertility ends as they reach menopause. It would make sense in evolutionary terms for men to choose women who have the ability to have children and are therefore younger. In actual practice men do choose women that are younger but not all of them are able to have children. â€Å"Older men may desire younger women, but they may also want to find someone who shares their tastes in music, has similar goals in life, and so on† (Boyd, 2006, 462). They may also settle with knowing that they may only be able to date women who are closer to their own age. In Kipsigis culture bridewealth is practiced. Bridewealth is payment giving to the father of the bride from the groom’s father. The payment, tendered in livestock and cash, compensates the bride’s family for the loss of her labor and gives the groom rights to her labor and the children she bears during her marriages† (Boyd, 2006, 468). It is almost like an investment. The more a woman is â€Å"worth† the higher the bridewealth. A woman is also expected to return to her family during the harvest and a higher bridewealth may be paid if the families are too far apart. Higher br idewealth is also paid for women who have had their first menstruation. This also fits in with evolutionary theory that women have a set timeline for having children. As a woman is younger they may be fit to have more children. A plumper woman will fetch a higher the bridewealth as well. Thinness in animals reflects less of ability for children and these views are reflected in the Kipsigis people when they choose women who have more body. In Western culture bridewealth is not common. Typically the bride’s family is expected to pay for much of the wedding reflecting more of a dowry. In both cultures typically the more desirable the woman’s assets are, the better choices of bridewealth or financial prospects. Mating choices and preferences can very from culture to culture. There is one thing that all cultures have in common which is that females prefer a partner with better financial ability. Evolutionary theory favors mating choices that will produce the most amount of fertility. For the Kipsigis this is seen in the healthier plump women and young women who have the ability to have more children. In Western society men rate attractiveness higher than women and often choose younger women as well even if it doesn’t increase fertility. Our mating choices are based on our gender and culture. References Boyd, Robert, & Silk, Joan B. (2006). How Humans Evolved (4th ed. ). New York: W W Norton & Company.

Pastor as Person †A Review Essay

As the title itself suggests, the whole thrust is on the personhood of the pastor. At the start (Chapter Two), stress is given to highlight the need for new approach in ministry. Although it was not directly stated, the idea was pointed out when Tom, a pastor, received a letter from his alma mater concerning the seminary’s plan to include into its curriculum a subject called The Person in Ministry. As the conversation of the characters progressed, and at the same time their personalities somewhat introduced briefly in chapter one, the theme of the entire book becomes more in focus. Indeed, as Gary L. Harbaugh was trying to highlight from the very outset, even the person behind the pulpit Sunday after Sunday is a real person with the characteristics of a normal human being with almost the same things to cope in life, if not exactly identical. The way the five pastors were presented – Tom Daniels, Joan Russel, Paul Denning, Chris Campbell, and John Jeffrich – in the first chapter seems to stress the fact of the human side of ministers in general. Although the tone of the author, all along, was to paint an honest appraisal of the pastor, and at the same time with the intention of helping his readers realize the impossibility for those among the ordained clergy to perform their lifetime duties effectively without comprehending their frame as human beings, more often than not, the overall expectation from the ministers is very unrealistic. And so, Harbaugh, in this book, incorporated all necessary studies/sciences which for him might yield a more comprehensive and more accurate portrayal of the minister as human specie. Through the lenses of philosophy, theology, psychology, and anthropology, the pastor was presented – not as someone who is above the rest, but someone who is very much like those considered rank and file (Harbaugh, 1985). At the last paragraph of the book, Dr. Harbaugh expressed his hope that upon reading, the reader (presumably, a minister) is â€Å"affirmed† and now having gained valuable insights into his/her personhood, with fresh outlook, the remaining years of ministry will not be anymore burdensome but promising instead. In Chapter Two, Harbaugh highlights the reality that the pastor is not only a spiritual person but physical as well. He experiences stress and at times may be subjected to bouts of â€Å"burnout. † King Hezekiah of the Old Testament was mentioned as an object lesson of a person dealing with stress. The author pointed out that there are correct responses to stressors and pressures, although unfortunately, pastors usually opted for what Dr. Harbaugh called as the pastor’s â€Å"common reactions† to stress. To really experience growth in life and in faith, one has to face his/her responsibilities and do everything within his/her ability to do, and at the same time, one has to accept his limitations that he/she cannot possibly do everything even while doing and employing the best possible means within his/her ability. As Dr. Harbaugh said, using the well familiar hymn, â€Å"Christ is the solid rock on which† ultimately, our â€Å"holistic response to stress can stand. † Moreover, the pastor also is an intellectual being. He thinks. This is the emphasis of the third chapter. While it is true that there are similarities, or things common among those in the clergy, Harbaugh maintains the individuality of the pastor (Harbaugh, 1985). This means that each pastor is different and hence must be dealt with individually. A right balance must be maintained between the pastor’s vocation and his personal/family life. Dr. Harbaugh, in Chapter Four, introduced Ptr. John Jeffrich. Through Jeffrich’s personality, Harbaugh presented a pastor just like anybody else reacting and full of emotions. Indeed, one cannot empathize with others without having gone through the same griefs which other people have gone through. â€Å"Weakness is strength† (Harbaugh, 1985). The remaining chapters – 5 and 6 – are expansions, further explorations of previous chapters. How the pastor should deal with different issues as he/she relates to other people. In summary, the pastor should learn to accept everything that he/she is – with strengths and weaknesses. As a pastor, he/she is chosen by God for the people of God.

Management Essays (2119 words) - Management, Administration

Management Essays (2119 words) - Management, Administration CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the study Management is an essential part of an organization which helps to achieve all its goals and objectives with the right use of resources physical and financial with the appropriate use of management functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, leading, controlling, communicating, coordinating, supervising, motivating, directing, etc. The concept of management represents a team, class or section of people in various managerial functions. All the managers from the chief executive to the first line supervisors collectively come under management. Generally, it represents a group consisting of BODs, managers and supervisors. In practical sense these managers are involved in creative and instructional works which are essential for efficiency of the organization. Except in small scale organizations, more managers are appointed to different departments and branch offices to bring smoothness and uniformity in organizational performance. For this purpose, management hierarchy is divided into different levels and in each level a manager or head is appointed. He is responsible for all the activities of the concerned department or section. The concept of division of management into different levels has developed to distribute both authority and responsibility into various levels. In large organizations; it is not possible for a manager to manage all the organizational performances without distributing to subordinates. Hence, according to nature and size of the organization, management system is divided into mainly three levels, they are: Fig 1.1 Managerial level 1.1.1.Top Level Management: This level is also known as a key or brain of the management. They take their authority directly from owners. Generally, top levels management is constituted with a management committee elected directly from shareholders as members of board of directors. This level consists of managing director or general manager. The following are the major functions of this level: It defines the overall objectives of the organization. It sets up organizational structure to complete the work in efficient and systematic manner. It directs, co-ordinates and leads to all the members of the organization. It appoints departmental managers and guides them to their works. It exercise overall control to all the authorities of the organization. It evaluates and reviews the performances of all departments and takes necessary steps to achieve organizational goals. 1.1.2. Middle Level Management: This is the second or intermediate part of the management. This level of management consists of departmental heads like personnel manager, production manager, marketing manager, finance manager and similar other positions. In some big organization, this level of management may have two layers i.e. senior and junior middle levels managements. Heads of the department come under senior level whereas branch heads are under junior level management. The following are the functions of this level: It plays the role of mediator between top level management and first line management. It implements the plans and policies laid down by the top level management to lower level management and information about achievement and problem of lower level management is given to the top level management. It prepares departmental plans and strategy on the basis of guidance and information from top level management. It designs organizational set-up, divides work among the subordinates and maintains coordination among them. It delegates organizational set-up, divides work among the subordinates and maintains coordination among them. It delegates authority and responsibility to the lower level management. It makes provision of training, work-shop, seminar and other activities for the development of working efficiency of the employees. It submits report of achievement of works are recommended value suggestion to the top level for the overall development of the organization. 1.1.3. Lower Level Management: This is also known as first line or operating level management. It is directly involved in daily operations of the organization like production, marketing, financing, etc. This level consists of supervisors, foreman, sales officers, account officers, superintendents, and other operational heads. The following are the functions of this level of management: It makes day-to day plans to implement plans laid-down by middle level management. It distributes responsibilities and duties to the employees. It provides necessary instruction and guidance to do the work in the best possible way. It manages facilities to operate and create better environment for work. It performs the function of channel of communication between middle level management and the operating level employees. It submits the report of achievement of performance to middle level management. 1.2Statement of the Problem Organizations are said to be one of the

Applying psychological perpective to a case study

Applying psychological perpective to a case study The aim of this report is to apply psychological perspectives of human growth and development to a specific case study. To demonstrate an understanding of psychological theories of human behaviour with regards to a specific stage in life and to identify ways in which these theories underpin the social work profession. This report will analyse the case of Tina with primarily giving the history and evidence of the case. The report will then explain the possible psychological explanations for Tina’s behaviour, followed by a conclusion and the recommendations the social worker may advise in order to assist Tina. Case history/sequence of events It would appear from Tina’s background she had a difficult upbringing and this appears to have stemmed from her mother leaving when she was three years old. She was left in the care of an abusive alcoholic father and there appears to be significant amount of neglect from her father and issues with poor standards of hygiene. Although, this evidence is from a former friend, both Tina and her brother John were placed on the Child Protection register. Tina was sexually active in early adolescence which then lead to her having a baby at fourteen years old but the baby was taken into emergency foster care as there was evidence of neglect and physical abuse. When Tina was eight months pregnant her GP referred her and her boyfriend Tom to social services due to concerns about their ability to cope with the unborn child because of her previous history. When the social worker visited the family home she reported the conditions of the flat, which is on the fourteenth floor, were unacceptable due to poor standards of hygiene and no signs of preparation for the unborn child. Tom was extremely unreceptive towards the social worker. The social worker received a call from the hospital two days after Tina and Tom had their baby as Tina was seen by staff at the hospital to smack the baby. Psychodynamic explanations of human beha viour Freud’s psychodynamic theory is widely used in the social work profession and is extremely valuable when attempting to understand the relationship between feelings, emotions and behaviour. From a Freudian perspective there appears to be significant evidence surrounding Tina’s childhood experiences and the difficulties she experienced could relate to how her behaviour is affecting her capabilities in looking after her baby. According to Freud (1938) disturbances in the five stages of psychosexual development in childhood could result in abnormal behaviour in adulthood. Perhaps the most important crisis point in these stages is the phallic stage which occurs around the age of three and therefore, does relate to the age when Tina’s mother abandoned her. Freud (1923) would suggest this may cause the child to repress the sexual and aggressive urges into the unconscious causing problems later in life. He suggests children will internalise aspects of their parent ’s standards and would follow what their parents do with regards to aggression and other forms of anti-social behaviour. From a Freudian point of view, it could be argued Tina is exhibiting the same behaviour as her father with being over sexualised and her aggressive behaviour is being displaced unto her newborn baby. Therefore, it would appear the social worker could use the Freudian view of Tina’s behaviour, as it could relate to the disturbances she encountered in her childhood and more specifically the abuse and neglect from her father.

Wal-Mart's German Misadventure - case study Term Paper

Wal-Mart's German Misadventure - case study - Term Paper Example Indeed, proper global marketing if implemented correctly has the  ability  to guide a company to the next level. Different  strategies  are employed based on each specific region where  the company is operating (Ocampo, 1). For example, McDonald's varies its operation and attitude towards business based on their restaurants’ location. The company identifies the popular items within a given country and then focuses on marketing the same. Global marketing is particularly important for business organizations that provide products as well as services possessing a universal demand. McDonald’s success story can be well illustrated through the presentation of some simple statistical evidences: in fact, â€Å"McDonald’s is now the â€Å"leading global food service retailer† with 33,000 local restaurants and serving almost 68 million people in119 countries each day (Introduction to McDonald’s)†. ... The following report illustrates the case of Wal-Mart, the world’s biggest retail chain that struggled to concrete its feet in Germany, incurring huge loss and experiencing successive obliteration from the German market. Overview and Background of the case company- Wal-Mart Stores, INC is an American public stock company, which is into a business that runs a chain of warehouse stores and discount departments worldwide. Sam Walton founded it in 1962 and since then, the company hasn’t stopped growing, increasing its stores number from 24 in 1967 to 276 in 1980. Nowadays, the company operates in 4400 stores in the US only and has expanded its activities internationally. The company integrated the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) in 1972. Moreover, Wal-Mart has all over 8500 stores in the entire world under 55 different names such as in Mexico where it operates as Walmax, in Britain it operates as Asda likewise Seiyu in Japan and as Best price in India. It has been successful in implementing their concept globally, ranking among the top retailers in the various countries they operate in. In act, after it has started its globalization plans in the 90s, Wal-Mart became by 2003 the largest retailer in Mexico, Canada, Argentina and Puerto Rico. The organization was started as a single store, which soon became the largest retail shop of the world. Thanks to its prolific success, the organization is called the â€Å"TREND SETTER† in retail chain shops by some researchers. Furthermore, Wal-Mart operates each store from the product, which they have in stocks. Wal-Mart has a philosophy of providing lowest price everyday or EDLP and superior customer support. This company uses its unique cross-docking inventory system, which reduces the

The structure of a typical plant cell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The structure of a typical plant cell - Essay Example Point to note is that, plant cells has numerous organelles, and each section of an organelle is separated by a cell membrane and epithelium layer of fiber. This enables the substances to pass through. This has been found to be totally different from the cell wall, which is very thick and stronger thus gives the plant support. Besides, cell wall also sums up most parts of the parts structure (Dashek and Harrison 2006). Structural composition A simple plan cell constitutes of very many invisible but, the most common structure includes; Cell wall A plant cell wall constitutes the thick outer most part of the cell. A cell wall, which is made up of cellulose fiber, interlinks the rest of the other parts of the cells enabling the plant have to the shape. Besides, cell walls are considered essential to the formation of tissues and organelles of the plants. Because it is founded on the outer most section of the cell, they act as interactive centers facilitating intercellular communication wh ile at the same it protects the plants from imminent threats of microbes thus offering enough room for biosynthesis (Dashek and Harrison 2006). ... The protein components are considered very vital in supporting the shape of the cell while, some are attached to the membrane to assist in the transportation of substances (Gunning and Steer1996). Cytoplasm This is composed of oily or liquid like substance where active substances of the cell are located. A bigger section of the cytoplasm is made up of colourles water leaving the remaining part for the rest of the other substances. Most of the active activities within the cell are carried out in the cytoplasm. Clear visibility from an electron microscope indicates cytoplasm as a 3dimesional substance whose main function is to act as mars suspending all the active substances of the cells. Due to its molecular nature, to some extent it helps in restoring the cells’ shape. Ultimately, cytoplasm actively suspends the nuclear to any location within the cell, and it contains some salt substances giving it the potentials to conduct electricity (Gunning and Steer1996). Vacuole This is large membrane bound component of active plant cell. Vacuole contains some special liquid substances, which also helps in sustaining the shape of the cell. Vacuole is bigger in size taking almost ? (quarters) of the cells’ volume. It is entitled to the abortion of excess water and discharge to the cell whenever a need arises. Besides, one of its sections is known to contain some of the most precious and scars enzymes, which are otherwise unavailable in any other section of the cell. As a responsibility of eliminating toxic substances from the cell, vacuoles have been known to contain the acidity of pressure to enable it maintain the potential quotient of the cell. During germination,

Puck the good one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Puck the good one - Essay Example Without Puck’s actions and mistakes, the play would not have been set into motion. There would have been no comedy. He creates the scenes and places it into motion. He is the one who searches and retrieves the juice from the flower in order to enchant the fairy queen to lose interest to a young Indian prince, whom which Oberon, his master would wish to be a knight (II.i.25). He is a loyal subject and good follower of his King, and with quite good intentions, as he tried to put the flower’s juice in Demetrius eyes so that he could be kind to Helena (II.ii..246). Although he may have deliberately mistaken the identity and placed the same in Lysander instead. He laughs at the chaos that he has created, and makes fun of the emotional weakness of the mortals, â€Å"Lord, what fools these mortals be!† (III.ii.115). He takes advantage of human’s fragilities, and controls the characters (even the fairy queen), as mere puppets for his delight. He also transforms th e head of the actor Nick Bottom in that of an ass (III.i.129) in so that the fair queen will fall in love with him as a beast, and forget the Indian boy. But despite all the chaos that Puck brings, he still helps put everything in place. As he tries to figure out how to make right his mistake with Lysander, Demetrius began to see Helena’s worth, as Puck also tries to fix his mistake by dropping the flower’s juice in his eyes (III.ii.38). He removes the spell, and help all the lovers get back to their right match. He also removes the spell on Bottom and makes him a normal man again; even inspiring him to write a ballad that he would perform in the wedding. He gives it a title "Bottom's dream, because it hath no bottom"(IV.i.223).

Code of Ethics in Childcare

Code of Ethics in Childcare Ethical dilemma Ethical dilemma is a situation involving issues of right and wrong, duties, or obligations that have more than one defensible resolution, each of which can be justified in moral terms. It makes us think to choose what is right and wrong. Early childhood educators are faced with daily ethical dilemmas and moral conundrums that challenge our view of ourselves and the support we offer. The NZTC Code of Ethics is a tool that urges educators to privilege relationships with children, their families and the communities of which they are a part, and articulate these in terms of childrens growth and learning, just as New Zealand Code of Ethics is a tool that guides the educators to find their sense of what they ought to do. My 1st reaction I believe that we should follow the Curriculum. I accept that there is no Maori child in the centre but the children in the centre going to grow up and going for primary and higher studies and the situations in higher schools and colleges never going to be same like our centre. In early age children minds are fresh and accepting the morals and values what we are teaching them. If we not teaching them according to the curriculum at ECE centre then it going to be hard expecting respect from them for other cultures especially Maori. In respect of making them responsible citizens, I think us not playing our best role by not teaching them Maori at early age. It’s going to be new and hard for children to accept the bi-cultural curriculum at primary school level. They might not happily accept the Maori language in curriculum plus they might not be respectful toward the Maori culture. I agree that some parents might not happy with introducing their children with Maori language at centre. But my intentions is to introduce the language now to the children rather then they have to struggle in the future. Ethically I try to convince the teachers and parents to stick to the curriculum, which is more important. We all got to understand that Maori is the Native language of New Zealand and we can’t avoid it. Teach and model those positive values which are widely accepted in society and encourage learners to apply them and critically appreciate their significance. http://www.teacherscouncil.govt.nz/required/ethics/coe-poster-english.pdf Identifying the stakeholders Teachers who want to implement Te Reo: Teachers are the main stakeholders in this situation. They are in a situation where it’s hard to choose what to do. 1st they have to think about the curriculum then about the opinions of staff members and the parents of children they teach. It’s more hard when other staff members justifying not to implement Te Reo and tikanga maori. Teachers who justifying don’t need to implement Te Reo: Teachers who are happy not to implement Te Reo. Even though they are right too in doing so in some stages, when they don’t have maori child in the centre. Teachers attend to the needs of children first and put children ahead of their own needs. They putting children ahead then the government agency. Parents who are happy with current situation: Those parents who are happy with not teaching maori to their children. Teachers have to consider their interests too when they don’t want their children to learn Maori. Gonzalez-Mena (2002) discusses the differences in individualism and collectivism with regard to early childhood education, and the difficulties that can arise when caregivers and family are at different ends of the continuum (Sarah Hartstone, personal communication Saturday, 23 January 2014, 10:35 AM) Parents who challenge the situation: Those parents who want to stick to the curriculum. Ministry of education: Ministry of education sets up the curriculum for early childhood which is bi-cultural and guide us to implement Te Reo. Children: Children at early stage learn through what they see. Children at that stage can’t make choices what they want to learn and what they don’t, especially if we talk about implementation of Te Reo. They learn about right and wrong not so much by what we say, but by what we do (Freeman,1997). Identifying the issues Personal Morality: We learned the differences between right and wrong through our life long experiences. We judge the things and situations on our decisions. Our personal moral decisions could be differ from social morality. Like in this situation my personal moral opinion is that we should be implementing the Te Reo and Tikanga Maori in centre even though if we don’t have maori children in centre. But the personal opinion of other educators could be totally different. They might don’t feel necessary to implement Te Reo when we don’t have any Maori child. Their 1st preference could be only best care for child and then curriculum or any other government agency is the second most preference. Ethical issues: Is it ethically necessary to implement Te Reo in the centre when we don’t have any Maori child in the centre? When we answering this question lots of issues comes to our mind like other staff member opinions, parents opinion, curriculum. We might not easily get the right idea what exactly is ethical acceptable. At this stage we need to follow the code of ethics. Cultural issues: The major problem in this situation is cultural issue. Staff members who wants to stick to the curriculum and wants to implement Te reo and tikanga Maori facing the major cultural issue. When they don’t have any Maori child in the centre. It’s quite pointless for some staff members and parents to teach Maori to non-Maori children. But if we look at wider picture the children just not going to stay in that centre they are going to explore themselves in further studies. Maori culture is a rich culture and heritage that have lot of moral values which is necessary for our children to learn when they are going to live in New Zealand. It’s important to learn about the history and native language of our country. Social issues: We are living in a society with majority of European and Maori in it. If Maori’s have learnt the English language then at least we should be knowing little bit of Maori culture and language. Our main responsibilities to make our children responsible citizens. To live with peace and love, it’s important that our children should have respect for other culture. If what we teaching children at home and what we teaching them at pre-school is same, then what is the benefit to send them to pre-schools!!? Actually we should be making them socially aware by teaching them about the native culture and language of New Zealand. Brainstorm solutions without evaluating them Early childhood services care for and care about children. The significance of caring and relationship both as an educational goal, and as a fundamental aspect of what the ECS does is recognised. We should stick to the Te Whariki which is bi-cultural and strictly pointing us to teach children both languages. ECS decisions do not conflict with what is in the best and appropriate interests of children and their parents/caregivers. Actions are not taken that could result in harm to any child and family associated with the ECS. A supportive, non-threatening and non-judgemental environment for children and parents/caregivers is provided. The ECS management and staff or contractors are conscious of their own biases and are careful not to let their personal and cultural views influence how they treat any child, parent, or group of children and families. It is important that our children should have knowledge of New Zealand native culture and language. If we follow the code of ethics even it tells us to teach Maori language in ECE centres. Code of Ethics for registered teachers Application of the Code of Ethics shall take account of the requirements of the law as well as the obligation of the teachers to honour The Treaty of Waitangi by paying particular attention to the rights and aspirations of Maori as tangata whenua. http://www.teacherscouncil.govt.nz/required/ethics/coe-poster-english.pdf So, according to the Code of Ethics it is clarified that we should teach Maori language at centres. Our setting should be same, who knows when a Maori child get enrolled to the centre. We can’t say to the parents that sorry we have only European children studying in here. Even we can’t immediately start teaching Maori language, then other children going to find it difficult to understand and that why we changing the daily routine. According to Code of Ethics the professional interactions of teachers are governed by four fundamental principles: Autonomy Justice Responsible Care Truth Teacher should treat people with honour. They should share and prevent the abuse of power. Need to protect each and every ethnicity. They should be honest with their profession. As teacher we should be committed to these four code of ethics: COMMITMENT TO LEARNERS COMMITMENT TO PARENTS/GUARDIANS AND WHANUA COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY COMMITMENT TO THE PROFESSION The Sections a, b and c of Code number 3 Commitment to society a) actively support policies and programmes which promote equality of opportunity for all b) work collegially to develop schools and centres which model democratic ideals c) teach and model those positive values which are widely accepted in society and encourage learners to apply them and critically appreciate their significance. http://www.teacherscouncil.govt.nz/required/ethics/coe-poster-english.pdf Help me to find good solutions that we need to promote equality of opportunity for all. We should support democratic ideas. We should be teaching positive values which are widely accepted. However, we have Maori children in our centre or not, but we need to stick to the Te Whariki. And we don’t know when new Maori child get enrolled to the centre. References New Zealand Code of Ethics for registered Teachers (NZTC,2004) Freeman,N.(1997, September). Using NAEYC’s code of ethics Mama and daddy Taught me Right from Wrong- Isn’t that enough?(pp.65) Sarah Hartstone (2014,January 23) Te Kea Kaha Day 9/10. (online forum comment) retrieved from Moodle: TEPS 751-14C (NET). New Zealand Code of Ethics for registered Teachers (NZTC,2004)

Geothermal Energy :: essays papers

Geothermal Energy It has come to my attention that your research center gives some helpful information on my desire course of study. Let me explain briefly about my education background. I received B.S degree in 1999 with a major in Mechanical Engineering. (Heat and fluid branch) later, I began new course for M.S degree since 1999 in Energy Engineering (which continues) At present, I am searching and editing my final project. The title of my research would be â€Å" Technical and Economical evaluation of geothermal energy systems†. Also, the subtitle named as â€Å" Geothermal Heat Pump†. The main idea of this project is mentioned below: 1. To collect a technical and energy model consisted of general information such as exploration, drilling, capacity of equipments, etc. 2. to gather economical plans based on technical model. In other words, we should consider the application of heat pump as well as economical point of view. 3. Comparison to geothermal heat pump and traditional air condition systems. Furthermore, to explain advantages and disadvantages of each system. 4. Comparison to geothermal heat pump and traditional heat pump. 5. Conclusions. I’d like to call your attention to this matters, unfortunately in Iran there is no sufficient and reliable sources on renewable energy. So, our references are very limited. All of my professional information was on the basis of searching Internet. The Iranian society of mechanical engineering has published a special magazine titled â€Å"Mechanical Engineering†. As a member of this association, I wrote an article titled Geothermal energy which published. You will see that I thoroughly enjoyed to have all information that would be helpful and constructive in my study. At the end, you are kindly requested to send me, if available, guidelines for following items: 1. General reports on Geothermal Energy by referring to historical analysis as well as the usage of different systems

Economic Development of India Essay

The capital market is the market for securities, where Companies and governments can raise long-term funds. It is a market in which money is lent for periods longer than a year. A nation’s capital market includes such financial institutions as banks, insurance companies, and stock exchanges that channel long-term investment funds to commercial and industrial borrowers. Unlike the money market, on which lending is ordinarily short term, the capital market typically finances fixed investments like those in buildings and machinery. Nature and Constituents: The capital market consists of number of individuals and institutions (including the government) that canalize the supply and demand for longterm capital and claims on capital. The stock exchange, commercial banks, co-operative banks, saving banks, development banks, insurance companies, investment trust or companies, etc., are important constituents of the capital markets. The capital market, like the money market, has three important Components, namely the suppliers of loanable funds, the borrowers and the Intermediaries who deal with the leaders on the one hand and the Borrowers on the other. ï  ® The demand for capital comes mostly from agriculture, industry, trade The government. The predominant form of industrial organization developed Capital Market becomes a necessary infrastructure for fast industrialization,and hence its important for the economy because india is a land if agriculture where more than 70 % of population depends upon agriculture and as India is also an developing nation so,industrialization is must necessary In this topic we have discussed that the development of stock market must contributes to economic growth both directly and indirectly. Hence stock market plays an important role in the economy of a country. Following the direct channel, we show that market liquidity has a positive impact on growth and indirectly market size affects investments which must affect growth of the country. Security markets also play a crucial role in economic growth and financial stability. The primary purpose of security markets is to serve as a mechanism for the transformation of savings into financing for the real sector, and hence constituting an alternative to bank financing. Recent local and global studies show that there is a positive correlation between the developments of stock markets and economic growth. Stock markets must be very efficient in the allocation of capital to its highest-value users. These markets also help to increase savings and investment, which are essential for economic development. If an equity market is informationally inefficient then investors face difficulties in choosing the optimal investment, because information on corporate performance is slow. Role of Securities Markets in Economic Development The increasing stringency of terms on both domestic and international loans, the urgency of mobilizing domestic resources by means other than dent finance has been greatly identified. The alternative to debt finance, of course is equity market. Capital market refers to the market for long and medium term funds for the business enterprise. It can be divided into securities and non-securities market. Securities market in turn may be divided unto the markets for primary issues and markets for secondary trading of the issued securities. In the secondary market, the existing securities change from the investor to another. There is no additional flow of funds for investment purposes in a secondary market; it only provides liquidity and marketability to the existing securities. A secondary market is very essential for a new issue market to develop. The secondary market can play most crucial functions in the pace of economic development by the promotion of savings and investment and efficient allocation of finds among the users. The securities market offers both investors and issues a broad spectrum of investment alternatives, which can help increase the level of both savings and investment. An efficient capital market can play the crucial role in mobilizing domestic savings for the purpose of investment

Nurses Notes Essay

Writing stays with you throughout your entire life, though you may not believe so. Hidden in your thoughts about your future career is the idea that writing will be part of your profession. After doing extensive research, I now realize how much writing will be involved with my chosen profession, a registered nurse. Writing in nursing can range from short, concise works to long, detailed, complex works. Writing as a nurse contains nurse’s notes, documentation, written reports, health records, flowcharts, care-plans, narratives, and if desired, professional journals for publication. The position within in the field also plays a role with the amount of writing needed to be done. The head of a department takes part in a lot more writing than a nurse. A head of a department holds a variety of duties when it comes to writing such as: staff proposals, budget proposals, department operations, policies and procedures, and protocols. A nurse must be able to follow the basic writing standards: writing clear, concise, and grammatically correct sentences, use proper punctuation, and demonstrate critical thought. Nurses are also expected to learn how to present information succinctly with their work being accessible to anyone who may read it. Nurses aim to write work that can be used in both clinical aspects of discipline and research. The field of nursing requires a nurse to be able to write swiftly and accurately. Nurses must also always be prepared to define their recorded information and writing. Records must be clear, concise, complete and accurate. The clichà © that is universally known, the job is not complete until the paperwork is completed is more true in health care than in any other profession, referring to the fact that a lot of writing is done in this workforce. Types of Writing: Nursing as a profession contains many different types of writing. Nurse’s notes are records that nurses who directly care for the patient, continuously record information. This includes the patient’s symptoms, medications given, and scheduled procedures or activities. Documentation reflects the care the care the nurse has or has not provided to the patient. Documentation is the nurse’s only form of legal proof that they did or did not do something for the patient. Nurse’s look at documentation as important as the actual care they are providing for their patient. Hands-on care and documentation carries equal importance in the eyes of a registered nurse. Documentation then becomes art of the patient’s medical record after the patient is either discharged or no longer living. Written reports are needed when the care of a patient is given over to another nurse. I interviewed Sharon Doll, a registered nurse at Glendive Medical Center who states that these written reports are very rare. â€Å"It is highly unlikely that you as a registered nurse will have to give the care of your patient over to another nurse.† (Personal interview, November 23, 2012) Health records, or medical records, consist of the accumulation of nurse’s notes. The records are held on file at the hospital and are referred to when needed. Health records consist of prescriptions prescribed to the patient, x-ray results, test results, reports, blood type, allergies and other important information about the patient that the care providers may need to be aware of. Recently, health records have transferred to being electronic, taking away from the writing perspective. Assessment check-boxes go hand-in-hand with health records as well, which are the summary of the symptoms of the patient. Flowcharts simply show the process that has been taken while caring for patients. They show the sequence in which the patient has followed. This is a concise review of the patient’s history and the care that was provided. Care-plans outline the nursing care that is to be provided to the patient. It is a set of actions that the nurse will take to provide the necessary care for the patient in hopes of full recovery. A care-plan consists of three parts: definition of the problem, intervention and/or solutions, and the evaluation of success or intervention and/or solution. Many times, care-plans are set out by the doctor because the doctor is not as available as the nurse. Care-plans are usually completed day-by-day and sort of run on a schedule. Narratives are important in nursing communication and important in the aspect of capturing the patient’s history and also the treatment they received. Narratives use standard abbreviations, are not written in first person, instead they refer to themselves as â€Å"the nurse†, and finally, rely on the communication with others. Professional journals for publication are optional for nurses but are quite popular. Journals are a compiled of the nurse’s experience, clinical practices, and their theoretical approaches and/or opinions. Nurses write journals to inform their audience, primarily formed of nursing students. Nurse’s journals give other people a first-hand look at their point of view and their job. If a nurse rises to the head of a department, he/she will face more writing than that of a registered nurse. Staff proposals and budget proposals are simply directed within the department. A staff proposal consists of the duties of the staff and the expectations they are held to. Budget proposals consist of the budget throughout the department and how it will be distributed. Department operations are the operations the department can fulfill. These include the day-to-day functioning of the department. Policies and procedures review the policies by which the employees must follow and the procedures they take before handling care for a patient. Finally, protocols refer to the steps of the procedures and experiments that are conducted by the department. Reflection: Montana State University prepares students to be successful in their chosen field. MSU offers Writing 101 and also University Seminar that covers the writing aspect. I think the preparation of MSU for nursing students and writing is sufficient due to the fact that the majority of the junior year in the pre-nursing major simply consists of all nursing classes. These classes will also review all aspects of nursing, including the writing that a registered nurse will complete within the profession. Conclusion: Overall, I was unaware of all the writing that was needed in the profession of a registered nurse. I did not think that I would do more than simply taking nurse’s notes. With these findings, I am very grateful for the writing courses offered at Montana State University.